Philosophy of Epistemology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Philosophy of Epistemology - Essay Example It is not the task of this essay to offer a total refutation of the Skeptics' claim, rather to analyze arguments which look at the justification for our beliefs. Two such arguments, which have traditionally been in contest with one another, are Foundationalism and Coherentism. The former claims that there are basic, self-evident beliefs which act as a foundation upon which all other beliefs are built. The latter asserts that all beliefs are justified if and only if they cohere with one another. There are obvious problems with these two modes of thinking, which will form the primary investigation of this essay. A possible solution, as offered by Haack, lies somewhere in the middle and is understandably termed "Foundherentism". The heart of this essay will be in the exploration of Haack's reasoning, but first, a look at the two competing theories from which it stems. Empirical Foundationalism claims that sense experiences offer the platform upon which we are able to place all other beliefs. They need no further justification and all other beliefs can ultimately be reduced to these basic beliefs. There is a clear initial problem with Foundationalism, in that it appears to rely on an essentially dogmatic approach. It does not seem unreasonable to ask, for example, how someone knows that it is Monday today. Is it because yesterday was Sunday In which case how does one know it was Sunday yesterday Did someone tell them If so, how did they know And so on for an infinite regress. However, it does seem reasonable, from a common-sense perspective to allow the pressed epistemologist sanctuary with his own sense experiences. Indeed, in her article, A Foundherentist Theory of Empirical Justification, Haack remarks that one of the merits of Foundationalism is that "it acknowledges that a person's experience- what he sees, hears etc.- is relevant to how just ified he is in his belief about the world" (p.420). It certainly seems to be the case that our senses play a key role in deciding our beliefs about the world. A further problem, one which is raised by supporters of Coherentism, is that sensory justification alone does not properly address the problem of why those beliefs have come about. There must be, according to Coherentism, some context within which the sensory beliefs make sense. Believing that one can see a computer in front of them is only justified in relation to another set of beliefs about what a computer is. Coherentism essentially allows justification on the merit of the coherence of the belief set within which it falls. It attempts to deny the validity of the regress argument by claiming that justification is a holistic approach. Though it may offer an alternative to the dogmatic approach of Foundationalism, it nevertheless leaves no room for the sense experience of the subject. It is quite plausible that a subject constructs a perfectly coherent set of beliefs which have little or no correspondence with the 'real world' to which it refers. It might, therefore be perfectly al low-able from a Coherentist perspective to hold a set of beliefs which are entirely justifiable but entirely untrue. Furthermore, the 'holistic' approach offered by Coherentists, is seen by its opponents as little more than a euphemism for circularity. The focus of Foundherentism is the "standards of better or worse evidence, of more or less justified belief"

Policy and Practice In the Education of Bilingual Children Essay

Policy and Practice In the Education of Bilingual Children - Essay Example Long-term planning for language use and literacy should use official curricula, such as the Early Years Foundation Stage in England, as its launching pad, and there is no need for other laborious documentation. Schemes of work and long-term commitment to set repeated topics are more likely to stifle creativity than be a useful structure for planning. The long-term aim for teachers is to encourage children to build her or his language in their own unique way and leave the Foundation Stage excited and enthusiastic about their learning. Long-term planning for language can be enhanced by an agreed list of core books and rhymes. This will provide a store of high-quality texts that children will get to know well during their time in setting. These texts can be developed with double language copies and big books, with story snacks, story props and puppets to extend children's experiences. Core books and their props provide a strong basis for all children to develop confidence in their langu age through the visual support. Clear illustrations and repetitive texts are particularly supportive for bilingual children and even for multilingual children. Tower Hamlets Primary School teachers should use various strategies to provide a nurturing environment. Sensitive grouping of children can ensure that there is a supportive friend who will model language for the bilingual children to copy. Their friend can also guide them through the various social and cultural situations that they may find puzzling. Teachers can ensure that bilingual children are placed in a position so that they can hear clearly, can observe any accompanying gestures and can always see any book illustrations or visual material that is supporting the... This essay stresses that all children have an entitlement to benefit from the Early Years Foundation Stage, and context is a key factor in helping bilingual children learns sufficient English to enable them to do so. Scaffolding language provides a supportive structure for them. First-hand experiences provide the context and the motivation for children to learn the language in a way that is meaningful to them. They gain in confidence and make their first tentative steps in English. Their first words are added to by staff who provide a rich commentary on the children’s play and learning activities. This report makes a conclusion that it is pertinent to note that all young children have considerable adjustment to make when they first encounter formal schooling. The observations of this report have indicated that teachers involved depicted a rapid adjustment to school. Although variations were apparent from one teacher to another. overall. teachers‘ ratings of the children tended to favor the bilingual group. The teachers themselves had to adjust to working within the framework of the research design but nevertheless. their observations support the practicability of a bilingual curriculum. Consideration should be given to the structure of curriculum experience for bilingual pupils. Particularly with regard to the probable interaction between languages in the children's experience. Perceptions of bilingual education varies considerably among staff in schools. The government also should support teachers by establishing systems in schools that will favor bilingual children.

Beer-Lambert’s Law Experiment

Beer-Lambert’s Law Experiment Design Project on  Beer- Lambert’s Law. Saswati Rakshit Aim: To learn and understand the basics and mathematical calculations of the following problem and write programs accordingly. Problem 1: Suppose an outdoor multispectral image is captured by a camera with a path length of 1-3 microns. A part of the intensity is attenuated by the absorption of small particles in the atmosphere for that spectral range and let the scattering by the small particles for that spectral range is 0. Find the total attenuation in the spectral range using Simpson 1/3  ­, trapezoidal and Euler integration methods and comment in your findings. Scope/Application: Beer Lambert’s law relates the attenuation of light to the properties of the material through which the light is passing. When light passes through a medium some amount of light is absorbed by the medium. For this absorption intensity of light reduces. Beer Lambert’s law states that the quantity of light absorbed is directly proportional to the concentration of the substance and the path length of the light through the transmission medium Beer Lambert’s law is used to find total attenuation of light when light passes through a medium(considering scattering is zero).It is also used to find the concentration of medium in chemical analysis, medium length in some application and absorbance of medium when necessary. Introduction of Beer Lambert Law: Lambert’s law is (Related to thickness/path length of medium) When light passes through an absorbing medium its intensity decreases exponentially as the path length of the absorbing medium increases. I = I0 e-k1 L †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.(i) (where L is the length of medium and k1 is molar extinction/absorption co-efficient for the absorbing material) Beer’s law is (Related to concentration of absorbing medium) When light passes through medium(absorbing) its intensity decreases exponentially as the concentration of the absorbing medium increases. I = I0e-k2C †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..(ii) (C concentration of medium and k2 is absorption co-efficient for the absorbing material) Combining both Beer’s and Lambert’s law we get I = I0 e-k3CL combining eqn (i) and (ii) Where I0 = Incident light intensity I = Transmitted Light intensity C=concentration / volume L= path length of medium We consider an outdoor multispectral image is captured by a camera with a spectral range of 1-3 microns. A part of the intensity is attenuated by the absorption of small particles in the medium.so image will be attenuated. Beer Lambert’s law find the attenuation caused by absorption for that spectral range and let the scattering by the small particles for that spectral range is 0. Objectives: In a given path length 1 to 3 micron, we have considered a constant value of molar extinction/absorption co-efficient.and now we need to find the absorbance total attenuation of the incident light using Beer’s Lambert Law. And then applying Simpson’s 1/3, Trapezoidal and Euler Integration in it compare the result. System flow: Implementation of the Beer Lambert’s law needs a proper mathematical understanding of the Beer Lambert’s law. Here I am showing how to set the equation using its mathematical basics First we apply Beer Lambert’s Law for a medium which absorbs light in spectral range 1-3 micron. Considering no scattering we assume I0 is the incident light to the medium Air of attenuation coefficient 1.64at temperature 20oC. Here path length travelled by light is 1 to 3 micron. According to Beer Lambert’s law light intensity is decreased if concentration path length increase. So we get the equation I=Io e-kcl = Io e- µl Now as we know the path length l and attenuation coefficient  µ, we calculate absorbance of the medium using eqn Log10 = kcl (Where l is constant) = e kcl But now for a spectral range 1 to 3 micron path length we need to formulate a new equation by integrating ranged from .001mm to .003 mm [Here x is path length and c is attenuation coefficient] Solving the above eqn we get total absorbance. Thus Beer Lambert’s law is successfully implemented in our problem. Now we apply Simpson 1/3 rd, trapezoidal rule on Beer’s Lambert Law to find total attenuation. Finally compare the result of Simpson’s 1/3 rd and Trapezoidal rule with the actual integration. Flow Diagram: Math: Beer-Lambert Law Concept Consider a light incident on a medium with area A and thickness dx and concentration of molecules C. Number of molecules illuminated by light of incident intensity Ix is CAdx. Total effective area ÏÆ'CAdx. Probability of light being absorbed in thickness dx is = dx [where dIx is the change in intensity across dx and ÏÆ' is scattering coefficient] So we can write, = dx †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ (i) Now we integrate both sides of (i) ln (I) – ln(I0) = ln = ÏÆ'Cx I = I0e-ÏÆ'Cx = I0 e µx †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.(ii) The co-efficient  µ=ÏÆ' C is the linear attenuation co-efficient. Here C=Absorbing co-efficient ÏÆ' = Scattering co-efficient. The ibrightness of light decreases exponentially with depth in the medium. So we can tell Beer-Lambert Law is also a function of( ÃŽ »), i.e. I (ÃŽ ») = I0 (ÃŽ ») e- µ(ÃŽ »)x†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦(iii) Calculation: (Here we considered linear attenuation) Given spectral range 0.001 mm to 0.003 mm Let we consider Absorbing coefficient(C) of Transmission Medium (Air) = 1.64 at 20o C. So total absorption (A) of light is calculated by integrating in the spectral range, [from eqn ii] = (1) = = 0.002006571 Now we can easily calculate attenuated intensity of light (I). Attenuation is the loss of light intensity over distance. The greater the distance, the lower is the intensity Where I=I0 -Attenuation Trapezoidal rule:- We know, in case of multiple application of Trapezoidal rule, the formula is: = [f(x0) + 2) + f(xn)] So, here applying the above formula for equation (1) we get: = 0.0005[[ 0.001 + 2 + [] 0.003] = 0.0005[1.001641346 + 2.00657077 + 1.004932123] = 0.0005[4.013144239] =0.002006572 (Ans.) Here, x0 = x0.001, xn = x0.003, b = 0.003, a = 0.001, n = 2, = 0.0005. Simpson’s rule: We know, composite Simpson’s rule formula is written as: = [f(x0) + 4) +2) + f(xn)] So, here applying the above formula for equation (1) we get: = 0.0003[[ 0.001 + 4 + [] 0.003] = 0.0003[1.001641346 + 4.01314154 + 1.004932123] = 0.001805914 (Ans.) Here, = 0.0003. Euler’s formula: Here, = y(0.001) = = 0 (assumption) y(0.003) = ≈ and we have to find the value of equation (1) using Euler’s formula which is, = + f (, ) h let us choose h = 0.001 Step-1 i=0, = 0.001, = 0, h = 0.001 = + f (, ) h = 0 + f (0.001, 0) 0.001 = 0.001001641 Step-2 i=1, = 0.002, = 0.001001641, h = 0.001 = + f (, ) h = 0.001001641 + f (0.001, 0.001001641) 0.001 = 0.0020049426 This is actually the value of the function at i.e. at (+h) or (0.002+0.001) or 0.003. So, = = 0.0020049426-0 = 0.0020049426 (Ans.) We find that the result of all above technique is almost same if we take approximation i.e.0.002. CODES and OUTPUT: Beer Lambert’s Law: #include #include #include int main() {float absorbtion,m,l,u; printf(nEnter spectral range); scanf(%f%f,l,u); printf(nnenter the value of absorption cofficient); scanf(%f,m); absorbtion=(1/m)*(pow(2.718,(m*u))-pow(2.718,(m*l))); printf(nnTotal absorption is %f: ,absorbtion); getch(); } Output: Simpson 1/3rd rule: #include #include #include void main() {float x[10],y[10],Total=0,h,t; int i,n,j,k=0; printf(nhow many values you will enter: ); scanf(%d,n); for(i=0; i { printf(nn x%d: ,i); scanf(%f,x[i]); printf(nn f(x%d): ,i); scanf(%f,y[i]); } h=x[1]-x[0]; n=n-1; Total = Total + y[0]; for(i=1;i { if(k==0) { Total = Total + 4 * y[i]; k=1 } else { Total = Total + 2 * y[i]; k=0; } } Total = Total + y[i]; Total = Total * (h/3); printf(nn I = %f , Total); getch();} Trapezoidal rule: #include #include #include int main(){ float x[10],y[10], Total =0,h; int i,n,j,k=0; float fact(int); printf(nhow many values of ranges you will be enter: ); scanf(%d,n); for(i=0; i {printf(nn x%d: ,i); scanf(%f,x[i]); printf(nn f(x%d): ,i); scanf(%f,y[i]); } h=x[1]-x[0]; n=n-1; for(i=0;i if(k==0) { Total = Total + y[i]; k=1; }else Total = Total + 2 * y[i];} Total = Total + y[i]; Total = Total * (h/2); printf(nn I = %f , Total); getch();} Future Work Scope: This Beer Lambert’s law can be used in image processing application where atmospheric condition is poor to find the attenuation of light and image by absorption of light. Implementing Euler Method. References: Weisstein, Eric W. Simpsons Rule. From MathWorldA Wolfram Web Resource. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/SimpsonsRule.html. (Accessed on 26.04.2015) Basics of Trapezoidal and Simpson Rules, www.math.umd.edu/~jmr/141/Simpson.pdf. Lal, A. K., Simpsons Rule, 2007, http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu.(Accessed on 20.04.2015) http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu. (Accessed on 19.03.2015) Garrett, P., Absorption and Transmission of light and the Beer-Lambert Law, Lecture 21, 2006, www.physics.uoguelph.ca/~pgarrett/Teaching.html. (Accessed on 26.04.2015) Mudakavi, J. R., Modern Instrumental Methods of Analysis, Lecture – 07, Ultraviolet and Visible Spectrophotometry – 3 Theoretical Aspects, http://nptel.ac.in/courses/103108100/7  (Accessed on 26.04.2015). www.chemwiki.ucdavis.edu. (Accessed on 19.03.2015)

In the New Century, the Unfinished Business of the Old World :: essays research papers

In the New Century, the Unfinished Business of the Old   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First of all I would like to restate that what keeps this world going is the infinite evolutionary progress, which evolves every human as well as the actions that each of us take throughout every second of our lives. Whenever, and wherever there is an action, there is a consequence that always follows closely. Sometimes it’s good but sometimes it can be bad, as well.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What professor Galbraith says is that although we are so different in every aspect, we are also the same. Although we all want peace, not all of us act towards it. Money has always moved the world of egos, but nowadays it has reached a platform where much of the spiritual part of our lives has been overtaken by the material addiction of the human compulsion. The U.S is a living proof of it. Here, we live in extremes, you are either in, or you’re a totally out of the American societal acceptance. Either ways will make you a true American. But one thing bonds it together: the honesty and the quality of an organized personnel that runs this so loved and hated country. Although here Americans have all the facilities and support for sports and education, it always seems that there is something lacking. Other countries that unfortunately do not have the same blessings as Americans do eventually learn from their difficulties, creating something that in Portuguese, my native language, we call â€Å"Malicia†. This is a word deeply shows that humans are not robots and that we can adapt to everything in our own little ways. Malicia is something impossible to be taught. It is hidden inside each and everyone of us. What this article brings, in my understanding, is that it has come the time for the world to unite as one, and for everyone to start caring.

A Minimum Of Two A Short Story English Literature Essay

â€Å" Minimum of two † is a aggregation of short narratives written by Australian author Tim Winton. He writes his narratives in different positions such as first and 3rd individual, chiefly for the reader to experience the narrative more in deepness. The book features 14 short narratives which are ; Forest Winter, No Memory Comes, Gravity, The Water was Dark and it went everlastingly down, Nislam ‘s Friend, Minimum of two, Distant Lands, Laps, Bay of Angels, The strong 1. Keeping, More, Death belongs to the dead his male parent told him and unhappiness to the sad and eventually Blood and H2O. Throughout all of these narratives there is relevant injury for past events, coming to an result of growing in either a positive or negative manner. The short narrative that in my sentiment is the most powerful in respects to trauma and growing is the narrative â€Å" Minimum of two † . It ‘s written in first individual position of the hubby ( Neil ) . This is a deep narrative about a married adult female called Greta acquiring raped by a senior in her section by the name of Fred Blakey. He is taken to tribunal by Greta and Neil and is sentenced to 5 old ages imprisonment but for Neil this is non plenty because he went through ample agony through the recovery of Greta in the manner that she did non desire to be intimate with him because she was sensitive as expected after being raped. With this issue, Neil decides to take affairs in his ain custodies and contemplates killing Blakey when he gets released, he tells his friend Tony Mitchell that he will be making this. Mitchell does n't hold with what Neil wants to make, but Neil does n't listen to him and ends up killing Blakey when he got out. His scruples so catches up with him and he so feels like the most atrocious individual, stating that he feels that he was a â€Å" dead adult male † . The chief injury in this narrative is the colza of Greta by Fred Blakey, this is chiefly trauma from Greta as she becomes sensitive and does n't acquire intimate with Neil, this is besides a traumatic for him, and this is shown in the manner he writes about his feelings. It seems like her familiarity with him is a great thing for him doing this narrative traumatic for both Neil and Greta. In the stoping Neil putting to deaths Blakey and comes to a negative growing of feeling sorry for himself, every bit good as losing his best friend Tony Mitchell. The following narrative that showed injuries and growing is the narrative called â€Å" Distant Lands † . It ‘s written in the 3rd individual position. This short narrative is about an fleshy adult female working at her male parent ‘s newsagency. This adult female is called â€Å" Fat Maz † she was teased and tormented through high school and besides was non supported really good by her parents, they besides treated her as if they did n't cognize her or that she was n't their girl. There was a twenty-four hours though that changed her life, a alien Pakistani adult male comes into the newsagency, and opens the book â€Å" Distant Lands † has a glimpse and leaves. As she goes to inspect the book she realises the endorsement stating â€Å" You will desire this book ne'er to complete † after she reads the endorsement she is interested in reading the book, as she is reading it the Pakistani adult male comes into the newsagency one time once more and this clip re-opening â€Å" Distant Lands † and smiling at Fat Maz, he gives her money and some assurance to go forth her refuse occupation assisting at her male parent ‘s newsagency The injury in this narrative is chiefly from Fat Maz ‘s life, how she had been teased all in high school and even at place with her parents she was n't treated nicely. The growing coming from this is positive when a cryptic Pakistani adult male comes in and gives her money and assurance to go forth her occupation at the newsagency. Another narrative that had trauma with growing coming as an result is the narrative â€Å" Laps † . This narrative written in the 3rd individual position is about a immature adult female by the name of Queenie that has flashbacks of her childhood, and her gramps when he was alive as she swims laps through a pool. She is new to Perth, and she is someway reminded of her gramps and the whaling undertakings from her childhood and she is haunted by these ideas. She so gathers plenty bravery to travel back to her place town to undertake her yesteryear, and so be able to travel on with her life. The injury from this narrative is the flashbacks that Queenie get from her troubled childhood ; she see ‘s these atrocious flashbacks when swimming as swimming reminded her of an earlier clip of her life. The growing gathered from this narrative is that Queenie had the bravery to travel back to her place town and kind out her jobs so that she is now able to populate a new life in Perth with no haunting flashbacks. Tim Winton is a gifted author with allot of creativeness shown in this aggregation of â€Å" Minimum of two † . He has the ability to compose approximately difficult injury, but besides an result of growing. The three narratives chosen for this essay ( Minimum of two, Distant Lands and Laps ) are all illustrations of how he can convey growing out of injury. In decision this aggregation of short narratives by Tim Winton is truly traveling to the reader, as he brings non merely trauma but growing out of each narrative.

Facebook: Friend or Foe? Essay

On September 7, 2012, Amanda Todd posted a 9-minute YouTube video entitled â€Å"My Story: Struggling, Bullying, Suicide and Self Harm,† which showed her using flash cards to reveal her experiences of being bullied. During the video, Amanda writes that when she was in seventh grade, she once used video chat to meet new people over the Internet and soon began receiving compliments on her looks. A stranger convinced Amanda to flash her breasts on camera. The stranger later blackmailed her with threats to expose the topless photo to her friends unless she gave a â€Å"show†. She refused. She would never make that mistake again. Amanda Todd wrote that during the next Christmas break, police informed her at four am that the photo was circulating the Internet. Amanda wrote that she experienced anxiety, depression, and panic disorder because of this. Her family moved to a new home, where she later stated that she began using drugs and alcohol. A year later, the stranger had reappeared, creating a Facebook profile which used the topless photograph as the profile image, and contacting classmates at her new school. Once again she was being bullied, eventually causing her to change schools for the second time. With more bullying and an actual attack, she attempted suicide by drinking bleach, but was rushed to hospital to have her stomach pumped. After returning home, Amanda discovered abusive messages about her failed suicide attempt posted to Facebook. Once again, her family moved to another city to start fresh, but Todd was unable to escape Facebook and her first unfortunate error. Six months later further messages and abuse were still being posted to social networking sites. She started to get worse, and began cutting herself. Despite taking anti-depressants and receiving counseling, she overdosed and spent two days in the hospital. She was teased by other students at her school for her low grades, and the time she spent in the hospital to treat her severe depression. On October 10, 2012 at about six PM, Amanda Todd hung herself at home. So is Facebook a friend or a foe? Teens often don’t realize that bullying over the computer is the same as bullying in person. The harmless â€Å"joke† can be taken much, much worse because of the huge audience and the unclear tone of Facebook posts. Although Facebook can be a good source for meeting friends, spreading information, and changing peoples opinions, it can also be very harmful. Facebook can encourage cyber-bullying, make people become anti-social, and distract people from finishing other tasks. On the positive side, Facebook is another way for people to connect with new friends, old friends, and family. According to the pro and cons website on social networking, seventy percent of adult social networking users visit the site to connect with friends and family. Fifty-two percent of teens say that using social media has helped improve their relationships with friends and eighty-eight percent believe that social media have helped them stay connected with friends they can not see regularly. Despite the fact that Facebook and social media sites have many positive sides, it has its bad sides as well. Facebook users are starting to get more and more addicted each day. According to an article from WebMD, in a 2009 survey of 1,030 parents, Rosen and colleagues found out that children and teens had spent more time engaged in media (online and offline) had more anxiety, more stomachaches, and more sick days from school. In teens, the time spent playing video games also led to poorer health. In another ongoing survey of teens and adults, Rosen found that spending more time than average on Facebook was associated with signs of narcissism, anxiety, and bipolar disorder on a standard psychological test. In another 2011 study, 279 middle school, high school, and university students lost focus for an average of three minutes for every fifteen minutes spent studying or doing another task. Checking Facebook just once during the fifteen minute period was associated with lower grades. Not only does Facebook cause lower grades, it also can ruin someones self-esteem. Facebook users feel as if they need to know if something important is happening, and by doing their work, they feel like they might miss out on something big. The New York Times released an article in April of 2011 that talked about FOMO, which stands for â€Å"the fear of missing out.† This mostly occurs when seeing Facebook statuses and photos posted by friends, questioning the event, wondering â€Å"Why wasn’t I there?† or â€Å"How come I didn’t know this was happening?† Sometimes it’s not just a specific event that throws us off, but just scrolling through a friends profile and noticing how much â€Å"better† his or her life appears. Facebook adds negative social comparisons and FOMO, which puts a sense of regret and a heavy weight on self-esteem. As social networking sites become more and more popular, its users have expanded from teens to young adults, to even people over fifty. As you can see with Amanda Todd’s story, many people use social networking sites for the wrong reasons. People can be whoever they want to be, but some do use it for the right reasons, as for example connecting with family they haven’t seen in a while, or catching up with long-distance friends. Is Facebook a place where people can connect and have conversations about things that truly matter to them? Is it a place where you can express yourself without fear of judgement? Or is it a place for status updates that aren’t true, photoshopped profile pictures, and cyber-bullying disguised as humor? So what do you think? Is Facebook a friend or a foe?

Republic Of Panama Essays - PanamaUnited States Relations

Republic Of Panama Essays - PanamaUnited States Relations Republic of Panama An emerging nation is a group of people linked together through nationalism in the hopes to rise from obscurity with the common goal to become a more productive and cohesive country. Panama is indeed known as one of the worlds emergent nations. There are many plans under way to ensure a better, more productive future for Panama. The current president, Ernesto Perez?s main platform was to modernize Panama. He hopes to achieve this by reforming labor codes, investment laws, decreasing import barriers, privatizing the public sector companies, passing anti-monopoly laws and improve Panama-US relations, just to name a few. President Perez is planning redevelopment of the Panama Canal Zone. Efficient operation of the Zone is expected in the year 2000. The most important interest the United States has in Panama is definitely the Panama Canal. (2.)The Panama Canal Treaty of 1977 and1979 returns the Canal from the U.S. control to the Panamanians. Between that time the U.S. agreed to pay $10 million for control of the Canal until 1999. Also an annuity of $250,000 was tacked on and we promised independence for Panama. Each year the price we pay for the canal rises. The total in 1995 was $100.2 million due to certain provisions of the treaty. (1.)The treaty also set up the Panama Canal Commission Organization (PCCO). The PCCO is a part of the executive branch of the United States. It was enacted to manage, operate, and maintain the canal until the term ends on December 31, 1999. The commission is expected to recover all costs of operating and maintaining the canal through tolls and other revenue. This includes interest, depreciation, capital for plant replacement, expansion, improvements, and payments to the Republic of Panama for Public services and annuities. The revenues are deposited into a U.S. Treasury accounted known as Panama Canal Revolving Fund. (3.)The tolls being paid are based on ships tonnage. Currently the tolls are $2.39 per PC/U.S. Net Tons for Laden (w/passengers or cargo) vessels, $1.90 per PC/U.S. Net tons for Ballast(w/out passengers or cargo) vessels, and $1.33 for other miscellaneous vessels. Though tolls have been gradually increasing there is an expected deficiency in the future. In 1997 tolls increased 8.2% and in 1998 they are only expected to rise7.5%. In 1996 a total 13,536 and 198,067,990 in vessels and cargo passed through the canal. That equals $486,688,265 in tolls. We could probably have a substantial amount of profit from the tolls if we didn?t have to rent the canal from Panama every year until 1999. Specifically for U.S. interest, in 1995, 899 thousand long tons of Japanese?s automobiles were ship to the canal. Half of these were marked for the United States. Also, 44.1 million long tons of grain coming from the gulf went through the canal which was mostly heading for the far east. (4.)Approximately 13% of international seaborne trade passes through the Panama canal. This doesn?t seem like much but the United States is one of the major users of the canal. Economically, Panama hopes to the trading hub of this hemisphere. Anyone who has control of the Panama Canal will eventually be the trading hub this hemisphere. This includes instillment of a banking center of the world, free movement of capital, a better tourism incentive, and a restructured economy based on free markets. (5.)In 1995 Panama?s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was 6,961. The GDP per capita was 2,646. Panama?s natural resources are timber, seafood, and copper ore. Most of the products they export are bananas, corn, sugar, rice, coffee, shrimp, timber, assorted vegetables, and cattle. The United States is one of Panama?s major markets for their exports. There are 2 billion tons of copper ore which is reality able to be mines. Also they export approximately $14 million in tropical fruit a year. The export of vegetables has doubled in the last three years. Another of Panama?s resources is the tourist attractions. There are miles of white sandy beaches and numerous islands on each coast. This allows for excellent snorkeling, skin diving, and fishing adventures. The climate in Panama is tropical all year round. It is rather unclear to ma as what the United States should actually do with Panama. Do we really want to give the canal to the Panamanians. I don?t think so. Do we have to give the canal back. NO, we stole it first, fair and square. Yes we do have a treaty with Panama but it would not be the first time a country has broken a

Position Paper on Drinking Alcohol in the Dormitories essays

Position Paper on Drinking Alcohol in the Dormitories essays Throughout history, humans have recognized alcohol as a good and positive force in their lives; only within the last two centuries have certain prohibitionist elements in America and Northern Europe sought to vilify this ancient drink and encourage the public to consider it as a poisonous and socially treacherous substance with which one must either abstain totally or become uncontrollably addicted. It is the position of this paper that this all or nothing approach does far more harm than good, and that the best approach to alcohol is not to prohibit it but to encourage its integration into a responsible and healthy lifestyle. For this reason, I believe that the US Air Force should not require total abstinence (from alcohol) in the dormitories but should rather work to educate young airmen on the appropriate and social responsive use of Alcohol can indeed be a negative and socially disruptive force if people engage in problem drinking activities. Alcoholism is disruptive, there is no doubt of that. The idea behind prohibition of alcohol in the dorm is that limiting alcohol intake will limit the number of problems arising from alcohol abuse. However, sociologically speaking this is not an expectation based in fact. According to the International Handbook on Alcohol and Culture, "efforts at increasing controls [on alcohol] are explicitly rationalized and recommended on the premise that alcohol-related problems occur in proportion to per capita consumption, a theory that we have disproved at least in France, Italy, Spain, Iceland, and Sweden, as well as in several ethnographic studies elsewhere." (Heath, 341-342) Of course, that cultural study is to some degree comparing apples and oranges, because the less-controlled areas in this study coincide with areas with a higher social appreciation of responsible drinking. According to a cultural case study in Drugs I: Society ...

Business Case & Moral Case for Diversity-Free-Samples-Myassignment

There is a need to portray a moral case for diversity that has something to do with the different direction for improvement in the Woolworth organizational bottom line. There is a need for improvement in the profitability measures of the Woolworth organization that is nevertheless to be wrong in their bottomline. The diversity in the business case needs to have several ove ing in the rate of shortage of the skills that has a talent for the wars. There are markets that are eventually diverse in the course of the diversion of the markets. There is a need to create a promotional innovation that helps in the creativity of the team. In this report, the organization that has been chosen to be evaluated through the different business care processes is Woolworth. The Woolworths supermarkets is considered as the Australian supermarket that helps in the grocery and the different supermarket chains that helps in the chains owned (Woolworths .au 2017). The organization is a retail one that has its headquarters in the South Wales in Australia and has made some of the brand people like the Brad Banducci that is the Director of the Australian supermarkets, earns revenue upto $42.132 billion (2015), and has the employees until 111000. The Woolworth organization is engaged in mostly selling of the different groceries and sells different stationery items like the DVDs and the magazines (Ashikali and Groeneveld 2015). The current operating stores have different supermarkets like the 968 and have additional convenience in carrying out the same logos in the stores. The store was founded in 1924 in September that lies under the name of the Wallworths bazaar ltd that is internationally known. Later it was internationally known that helps in the name of the internationally renowned Woolworth market. Initially it had no plan for overseas expansion but later it did expand to different parts of the world (Klopf, et al. 2017). There is a need to accelerate on the growth of the trading events that helps in the growth of the brand that is initially instigated. The shareholders are interested in accepting this accelerated brand growth that are involved in trading at a continuous operational pace. The interest of the consumers started a year back that helps in analyzing the sales of the operations (Dennissen, Benschop and van den Brink 2016). The research on the Woolworth is a retail chain on a high street that has a high street retail chain on the different stores that is nationwide and that has almost 30,000 staffs employed. The organization method needs to be maintained that has a mixture of full time and part time employees (Harvey and Allard 2015). It has been maintained that the top of the hierarchy is the head of the branch and then es the different employees. The management system of the Woolworth can somewhat be removed by the staffs as an informal hierarchical system that needs to be in an informal structure. The heads hardly interacted with the different employees and hence they were both unaware of each other, which was of great affects. The affects were in the application of the poor motivational methods. There is always a need for motivation for the staffs at the time of the recession that helps in motivating the different staffs (Kulik 2014). The employers has a large budget that is used for the recruitment of the different staffs that eventually wants to be hanged on for. The employees of the organization have to have something in order to bring out the best of their ability. They are often driven by money (Madera, Dawsonand Neal 2017). The salary is often not enough to keep an employee motivated at work but definitively the quality and the productivity of their work will eventually make them deteriorate it. The ultimate employee motivation has to be how to keep someone motivated in work. The use of the number of theories in the will eventually effects the management that has a great deal of the employee motivation that will be applied in the Woolworth. Motivating staffs is the most important responsibility of an organization and is the most difficult thing to be managed (Martà ­n Alcà ¡zar, Miguel Romero Fernà ¡ndez and Sà ¡nchez Gardey 2013). There were a large number of part time employees in the Woolworth branch in order to make the mon young employees view this and make them improved in their work field. Just like other organizations, there is a need for impressing the management that will be the best of their ability to keep their job safe. The key factor of the opinion is to make a low quality in the services so that a key factor b es the ultimate failure in the Woolworth group of organizations. The staffs when are not motivated it will eventually affect the customers and their feedback will be poor. This will ultimately put a bad reputational mark on the growth of the pany. The emphasis was therefore imposed to change the management on the effected motivations (Olsen and Martins 2016). The moral case in thee Woolworth organization is that they are more aware of their particular reputation in the particular panies that they might will to serve and share as well. The Directorial boards have to be involved with the development of the vision that may be corporated in producing the different statements. These statements will be presented with the form of an image that can be used for the public good for being a caring employer in their caring organization (Olsen and Martins 2016). The best practices that can be used for managing the diversity can diversity that needs to be   incorporated in the different appropriate circumstances with the use of   the different techniques and the methods that will be formed. The leadership in the top mitment is a visionary demonstration of the different municative method that has a diversity strategic plan that is based on the development and the alignment (Pauly 2016). All these things need to be incorporated in the strategic plan of the organizations. There is a need to link the diversity with the performance that helps in understanding the diversity and the inclusive work environment that can yield a more great productivity that will help in the improvement in the performance of the Woolworth. The measurement can be a set of the different qualitative and the quantitative mode of the measurement that has an impact on the different aspects of the overall diversity plan (Soulat and Nasir 2017). Accountability ensures that the leader’s wide diverse plans that will help them to provide a linkage with their performance level of the assessment. The pensation programs have to have a diversity initiative. The planning has to have a succession that is a based on the strategies and the ongoing process that is identified with the talent pool (Trittin and Schoeneborn 2015). The Woolworth hence produces organizational potential leaders of the future. The Woolworth is a supermarket in Australia and is a food retailer that has a huge annual turnover.   The pany trades from different parts of the world and has an employment to thousands of people. There is a need for equal opportunity for the scope of employment (Vidal et al. 2013).   Many awards and recognition have been addressed to the organization. Woolworth has now taken up the approach that needs to be formulated in the pen and paper form in the pany (Pauly 2016).   The organization is also developing on the various factors that needs to bee modified. The result that has been treated in the Woolworth organization is somewhat similar to the policies of the business and the moral case studies. The result will be as same treated with the different organizational interest of the public's that has two different pillars, one is the long term relationship between the pany and the employee that needs to be built (Ashikali and Groeneveld 2015) The results that will be derived wil l eventually help in the developing approaches in the organization. This study is based on the different role and the diversity in the employment management that will help in the improvement of the Woolworths organization. This study will ultimately reveal the diversity management between the employees and their involvement in the impact of their innovation in their organization. A data was collected from the different 844 respondents who said that there are different large organizations that have applied in the SPSS version to analyze the data. The involvement and the diversity of the employee are to show the negative impact on the organizational employment and their innovation. There is a need to trigger the organizational innovational ou e so that it ultimately enhances the Woolworths organizations. The insight reflects that how the productivity can be increased through the innovational productivity by using the human resources properly. In the field of the HRM management research, an outline may be drawn on the different formal organizational practice programs. The research includes the different methodologies that need to be measured by the employee perceptions in the different diversity management activities. There is a need to demonstrate on the impacts of the diversity management that reflects primarily on the employee reactions and their identification with the different unit levels. A below line research has been made that do not directly answer the HR professionals that is mostly based on the HR activities that is required to be adopted. Eventually, it will explain the impacts of the different formal organizational diversity activities that need to be reported by the documented and the senior managers in the records of the organization. The Woolworth organization can easily be linked with this research paper based on the bottom line theory as per the basics of the HR management From this research paper it can be concluded that the role of the cultural and the employee diversity has a plete variation on the innovation of the organization. There is   a need of the human resource theories and their tenets that is primarily based on the resource based view of the Woolworth firm. There is a need for the influence of the racial diversity that is in the managerial ranks. A conceptualization of the different DEM practices needs to be made on the size of the moderating role in the relationship rank of the Woolworth organization. The theoretical and the practical implications for the different perspectives of the strategy is based on the future diversity management. Just like the other organizations the racial diversity is also practiced in Woolworths and that helps the employees to concentrate on their work more appropriately. The increasing globalization requires the interaction on the different diverse backgrounds that is present in an organisation. People now work as a part of the global economy, that has b e more diversified with time. So, here es the need of the various non profitable and profitable organisations to b e diversified in order to sustain in the global market of petition. The ultimate aim of an organization is to maximize their level of profit in the workplace diversity. This article is effectively designed that helps the managers to understand the effectiveness of the diversified workplace. The different benefits of the challenges of a workplace that also has different effective strategies needs to be well pointed. In the Woolworth organisation these diversity of the workplace is well maintained that has newly evaluated the different challenges and the benefits that will be of some use to the customers. The management is a social discipline that needs to be dealt   with the different types of the behavior of a person and that also includes the human insights. In this article the workforce management of the diversity is explained and also how it has positive and negative effects on the organisation. Woolworth is such a multi national super market organisation that needs to manage diversity in order to maintain peace and a good pace of the work environment in the organisation. This journal article is all about what are the benefits and the usefulness of the diversity management. Diversity training is required that is often a trigger in the conflict in the workplace area that has its lawsuits as well by making the employees pelled to make them talk to each other even. There are often the misinterpreted concepts that need to be well perceived that is based on the moral case of the different discriminatory intents in the organization. There is a need for prevention of this similar case and a linkage should be enhanced to make it for better works. From the above report, it can be well concluded that an initial linkage between the moral and the business case has been well evaluated. The chosen organization is the Woolworth, which is an Australian based pany that is primarily one of the top retail super markets. The role of the human resource management as a part of the integral part of the organization has been introduced but in a small portion.   At the end, it can be stated that there is a need for the different types of the diversity that will help in the prosperity of the organization. Ashikali, T. and Groeneveld, S., 2015. Diversity management in public organizations and its effect on employees’ affective mitment: The role of transformational leadership and the inclusiveness of the organizational culture.  Review of Public Personnel Administration,  35(2), pp.146-168. Benschop, Y., Holgersson, C., Van den Brink, M. and Wahl, A., 2015. Future challenges for practices of diversity management in organizations.  Handbook for Diversity in Organizations, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp.553-574. Dennissen, M., Benschop, Y. and van den Brink, M., 2016, January. Diversity Networks: Networking for Equality?. In  Academy of Management Proceedings  (Vol. 2016, No. 1, p. 15950). Academy of Management. Harvey, C.P. and Allard, M., 2015.  Understanding and managing diversity: Readings, cases, and exercises. Pearson. Klopf, R.P., Baer, S.G., Bach, E.M. and Six, J., 2017. Restoration and management for plant diversity enhances the rate of belowground ecosystem recovery.  Ecological Applications,  27(2), pp.355-362. Kulik, C.T., 2014. Working below and above the line: The research–practice gap in diversity management.  Human Resource Management Journal,  24(2), pp.129-144. Madera, J.M., Dawson, M. and Neal, J.A., 2017. Managers’ psychological diversity climate and fairness: The utility and importance of diversity management in the hospitality industry.  Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism,  16(3), pp.288-307. Martà ­n Alcà ¡zar, F., Miguel Romero Fernà ¡ndez, P. and Sà ¡nchez Gardey, G., 2013. Workforce diversity in strategic human resource management models: A critical review of the literature and implications for future research.  Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal,  20(1), pp.39-49. Olsen, J.E. and Martins, L.L., 2016. Racioethnicity, munity makeup, and potential employees’ reactions to organizational diversity management approaches.  Journal of Applied Psychology,  101(5), p.657. Pauly, L., 2016. The Challenge to Manage Variety. A Current Evaluation of Diversity Management in Germany. Soulat, A. and Nasir, N., 2017. Examining the Role of Employee Diversity Management and Employee Involvement Variation on Organizational Innovation: A Study from Pakistan.  Singaporean Journal of Business, Economics and Management Studies,  5(9), pp.62-69. Soulat, A. and Nasir, N., 2017. Examining the Role of Employee Diversity Management and Employee Involvement Variation on Organizational Innovation: A Study from Pakistan.  Singaporean Journal of Business, Economics and Management Studies,  5(9), pp.62-69. Trittin, H. and Schoeneborn, D., 2015. Diversity as polyphony: Reconceptualizing diversity Management from a munication-centered perspective.  Journal of Business Ethics, pp.1-18. Vidal, T., Crainic, T.G., Gendreau, M. and Prins, C., 2013. A hybrid genetic algorithm with adaptive diversity management for a large class of vehicle routing problems with time-windows. puters & operations research,  40(1), pp.475-489. Woolworths .au. (2017).  {{metaController.metaData.title}}. [online] Available at: https://www.woolworths .au/ [Accessed 19 Aug. 2017]. With a decade's experience in providing essay help,

Informative Speech (1 page outline and 2 page speech) Essay

Informative Speech (1 page outline and 2 page speech) - Essay Example Finally, giving an overview of how it came to be widely manufactured and consumed all over the world. A. According to mythical origins, cocoa originated from the sacrifice of an Aztec princess who preferred death by the enemy to revealing the secrets of her kingdom. From her blood sprung the delicate cacao plant (Verna, 2013). From the early Aztec cultures, western civilization came in when Christopher Columbus landed on the island of Guanaja and received the gift of a cup of chocolates (Verna, 2013). He then introduced the beans in Spain by offering them to the king and queen. Progressively over the years, it went on to spread and acquired by everyone. C. In the United States, the production of chocolate proceeded at a faster pace than anywhere else in the world. This was motivated by World War II and as discovered chocolate played a role in motivating the armed forces (Szogyi, 1997). With the understanding of where chocolate is from and its history, we are able to appreciate it. Certainly, after this, we will all rush to the store to grab a bar of chocolate and while munching the bar, it is imperative to remember the culture of the Aztec

New City New Experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

New City New Experience - Essay Example always trying to find a good in what you feel is bad; this makes it a tad bit easier to cope up and adapt. This is exactly what the video teaches us- to look at the bright side of things and realize that one could have been in far worse situation than one is in right now. The new city, new experiences video opens with a shot of Ayers Street and the camera pans to a grocery store. Character1 walks in and starts checking out the items displayed on the display racks. A close up of the item shot is shown. Next, the camera shows a blue car being parked outside the same grocery store and character 2 coming out of the door. Both the characters in the video are acquainted. Chracter2 greets chracter1 while the latter expresses his feelings about the high prices that he saw in the grocery store. He says that the prices are far higher that what he is used to in his home country. Chracter2 explains that living in a developed country like the states comes with a price because the minimum cost of living is quite high. However, he also makes character1 realize that since they reside in Edmond they are luckier because the relative cost of living in Edmond is relatively low than the cost of living in other cities of America. Character1 is thankful to God for this and both the characters part ways. The scene begins in a dark street with only the street signboard. The camera pans right showing a streetlight. Perhaps the only light that light up the entire street stretch. The camera continues to pan right and stops at a small grocery store. The opening itself is an indicator of the theme of the video. The camera pans from left to right starting from a dark street and ending in a fairly lighted place which too is an indicator of the core theme of the video i.e. no matter what situation you are in always look on the bright side of things. The street light in the scene is also objective here since the road is dark and it is only the light that is visible; this again is implies the ce ntral theme of the video. The camera is in the store and we character1 walking and entering the shop. He is wearing a black shirt and looks well groomed. The character has a subdued face and exudes an introvert’s body language. He walks past the magazine stand and head directly towards a display rack. He picks up a Snickers bar. The camera zooms in and shows only chracter1’s hands and the snickers bar. The camera then focuses on the bar indicating that even chracter1 is focusing on the bar more particularly on the price printed on the back of the package. The expression on the face of character1 changes to that of surprise. The fact that he looks surprised after finding out the price of the item reveals that he is not accustomed to buying such highly priced products. Perhaps, he is new in town (since till here the video does not reveal his background). Next the camera shows a car’s headlight which is again an indicator of the central theme of the video. The car is shiny blue one and we see character2 switching off the engine and stepping out of the car. The look on character2’s face exudes confidence and his gait is relaxed and confident too. He walks up to the entrance of the grocery store and meets character1. He greets chracter1 by his name- Mohammad and Mohammad replies that he is fine. Character2 enquire of Mohammad what he had been up to and Mohammad explains

Global Ocean Currents explain why Northern Hemisphere is the soggier Essay

Global Ocean Currents explain why Northern Hemisphere is the soggier one - Essay Example This zone is referred to as the zone of inter-tropical convergence, and it is neither symmetric nor centred around the equator. Rather, it is to be found over the oceans in the northern tropical regions. Frierson et al. used observational data and model simulations to show overturning circulation in the oceans, as well as associated energy transports, and their importance in boreal disposition of rainfall (Hickey, 2013). Hemispheric asymmetry in the ITCZ is caused by the influence of tropical landmasses and their associated cloud fields, and atmospheric circulation on ocean currents and temperatures (Frierson et al, 2013). On average, the Southern hemisphere absorbs more energy than the Northern hemisphere from the atmosphere. The energetic imbalance that results between the two hemispheres is redressed by meridional overturning circulation of the ocean, which transports heat from the Southern Hemisphere northwards towards the equator to be released as atmospheric heat. The ITCZ is sensitive to heat redistribution through the meridional overturning circulation. Generally, in the tropics, energy at the surface is absorbed by the oceans and released into the extra-tropical regions. When these perturbations to the mean state are explored using a model, which removes the effects of continental landmasses, hemispheric asymmetry can also be induced within the ITCZ (Frierson et al, 2013). This hypothesis that ITCZ asymmetry is determined by meridional overturning circulation can also be tested by imposing, between the extra-tropics and tropics on the two hemispheres, a symmetrical flux of surface heat. The results show that, within the extra-tropics, differences in hemispheric atmosphere-ocean flux of heat related to meridional overturning circulation are a necessity for asymmetry of ITCZ (Pike, 2013). It is still important to note that surface heat flux present in hemispheric imbalance is a result of continental

Art of Tattooing in North America and Europe Essay

Art of Tattooing in North America and Europe - Essay Example In 1991, a five thousand year old frozen body of a man was discovered on a mountain between Austria and Italy. This body displayed in all 58 tattoos though these were only simple dots and little lines. The oldest known picture tattoos were found when archeologists, just after the Second World War, excavated a long row of graves of frozen and perfectly preserved bodies in the Altai Mountains of Southern Siberia. These were the bodies of the Scythians who were a nomadic group renowned for their creativity. In comparison, the Chieftain's tattoos represented different totem and game animals. The Vikings, who travelled up the Russian rivers and met the Scythians in Scandinavia, were influenced by the Scythians in the way they worked their crafts and tattoos. The body art among the Scythians and the Vikings reflected the designs found in their wood carvings, embroidery, weaving, leather and metal work. The significance of tattoos on a body has undergone several changes over the centuries. The practice of tattooing has meant different things in different cultures. Decoration appears to have been the most common motive for tattooing during the entire period. It was stated by Professor Konrad Spindler of Innsbruck University that the tattoo marks on the body of the Bronze Age man found in 1991 suggested that they were probably applied for therapeutic reasons. In some cultures, tattoos also served as identification of the wearer's rank or status in a group. For example, the early Romans tattooed slaves and criminals. Tahitian tattoos served as rites of passage, telling the history of the wearer's life. Boys reaching manhood received one tattoo to mark the occasion, while men had another style done when they married. Among a tribe named Roro tribes, when a girl was considered to be of marriageable age, the buttocks, the legs and the face were tattooed (Hambly, 31). Instances of body ma rking deemed to be of religious import were those connected with ideas of survival after death, prayer, sacrifice and communion (Hambly, 26). Later on, Sailors travelling to exotic foreign lands began to collect tattoos as souvenirs of their journeys resulting in establishment of tattoo parlors in port cities around the globe. In the 1900s, cosmetic tattooing became popular in the United States using it as blush for cheeks, color for the lips and eyeliners. With the World War, the flash art images changed to those of bravery and wartime icons. (https://www.msu.edu/krcmari1/individual/world.html) It is not only the motive behind tattooing that has changed over the years, but also has the designs and methods of performing this art. In North and South America, many Indian tribes routinely tattooed the body or the face by simple pricking, and some tribes in California introduced color into scratches. In order to be considered courageous and feared by their enemies, they would use sharpened awls or thorns or the bone of a bird or a fish to engrave or decorate their bodies. While the punctures which form the designs were fresh and bleeding, they would rub in charcoal or some other black color which mixed with the blood and penetrated the

Theories of Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Theories of Philosophy - Essay Example In this theory, Hume proposes that some of the questions that philosophers asked did not have any absolute answers; meaning that they could not have a logical proof or be proved through reasoning only. Hume mentioned that either, the individual’s empirical experience of existence or their choice of axioms could influence the knowledge of reality. I perceive Hume’s theory help to make a construct of reality by establishing that since we cannot conclusively pinpoint a common stand on reality through reasoning, then there are factors that influences an individual’s perception of reality; that is experience and axioms. The philosophical concept of ethics draws a perspective of what is good or bad in the society in aid to help in drawing an understanding of disputes that encompass moral diversity. Philosophers have advanced various theories in an attempt to describe a morality. I think the Aristotelianism (Virtue ethics) is the best theory that helps describe moral ethics. It observes that a morally right action is one that a virtuous agent would do under the same circumstances. This means that the individual executing an act will do it in a virtuous manner. The Aristotle’s moral theory is the most appropriate because it is focused on promoting virtues irrespective of the prevailing circumstances. This theory is appropriate because it helps an individual point out some of the habits they ought to exhibit based on the need to be virtuous. In addition, in an attempt to be virtuous an individual endeavors to be the best they can be while also ensuring that they do not infringe on the rights of others. In other words, they execute every deed with virtue. Freedom encompasses the free will by people to do whatever they want. It entails the aspect of unpredictable future since there is the leeway to do whatever an individual wants. On the other hand, determinism observes that every event or deed in life can be predicted and it

EEIG case, on alliances Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

EEIG case, on alliances - Essay Example A. (QA) (Fazio, 2007). The target markets for this establishment were multinational paint manufacturers and automobile manufacturers. The present case entails about the management of EEIG and also the perspective and situation after its incorporation. In addition, this case also illustrates about the strategies adopted by these companies to operate in the market. This study to a large extent enlightened us about the Quimica del Atlantico, S. A. (QA) and its business operations. This company was founded in the year 1932. It is headquartered at Baracaldo, Spain. Initially the company used to manufacture nitrocellulose paints, and air drying for the automobile body parts. It was also the first company to have supplied such products to the markets of Spain (Renart and Pares, 2010). The company had spent significant amount of resources and efforts towards research and development and for that the company has been able to introduce new products and services in the market. Through this repo rt, the internal and external business environment of the company will be analysed. Furthermore the strategic choices made by the companies will be also illuminated. Beside, how the strategies were implemented will be also emphasized. Finally based on the evaluation, a conclusion will be drawn and some recommendations will be suggested. External & Internal Business Environment Analysis Environmental analysis is often referred to as environmental scanning. According to some eminent authors analysis of the environment help companies to identify factors that may influence the operation. Additionally, it also helps the companies to forecast the impact these factors have on the company (Robinson, 2009). Through the process of environmental scanning organizations also identify opportunities and threats in the existing business environment. The business strategy of a company also remains highly dependent upon the situation of the external business environment. Apart from the external envir onment, the internal environment of a firm plays a crucial role in the formulation of strategy and also to capitalize on the opportunities of the external business environment (Von Der Gracht, 2008). In this context, Quimica del Atlantico, the paint manufacturing and marketing company of Spain embraces various strategic capabilities. However it also possesses some weakness which impacts the company’s operation and holds them back from achieving their goals. One of the major strength of the company is its competency in the field of research and development. Quimica del Atlantico spends significant amount of resources and efforts towards R & D activities. This has encouraged the company to come up with new and innovative products and systems in the market. Apart from that, the company also has the capability of utilizing technology to the fullest extent and therefore technology innovation can be manifested as one of their strategic capabilities. The company has presence in seve ral industries of the world, which provides them an opportunity to increase their total revenue. In addition, the company also enjoyed strong competitive position in the Spanish market. The biggest weakness of the company comes in the form of less export activities. The case enlightens that export has only accounted for 1.5 % of the overall sales of the company. The operational changes that were

Theories of Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Theories of Philosophy - Essay Example In this theory, Hume proposes that some of the questions that philosophers asked did not have any absolute answers; meaning that they could not have a logical proof or be proved through reasoning only. Hume mentioned that either, the individual’s empirical experience of existence or their choice of axioms could influence the knowledge of reality. I perceive Hume’s theory help to make a construct of reality by establishing that since we cannot conclusively pinpoint a common stand on reality through reasoning, then there are factors that influences an individual’s perception of reality; that is experience and axioms. The philosophical concept of ethics draws a perspective of what is good or bad in the society in aid to help in drawing an understanding of disputes that encompass moral diversity. Philosophers have advanced various theories in an attempt to describe a morality. I think the Aristotelianism (Virtue ethics) is the best theory that helps describe moral ethics. It observes that a morally right action is one that a virtuous agent would do under the same circumstances. This means that the individual executing an act will do it in a virtuous manner. The Aristotle’s moral theory is the most appropriate because it is focused on promoting virtues irrespective of the prevailing circumstances. This theory is appropriate because it helps an individual point out some of the habits they ought to exhibit based on the need to be virtuous. In addition, in an attempt to be virtuous an individual endeavors to be the best they can be while also ensuring that they do not infringe on the rights of others. In other words, they execute every deed with virtue. Freedom encompasses the free will by people to do whatever they want. It entails the aspect of unpredictable future since there is the leeway to do whatever an individual wants. On the other hand, determinism observes that every event or deed in life can be predicted and it

Legalization of Marijuana Essay Example for Free

Legalization of Marijuana Essay The terms ‘weed’ or ‘grass’ strike meaning to many Americans. When thinking of these terms, they are commonly associated with having the ‘munchies’ also known as being extremely hungry due to the side affects of smoking marijuana. What most Americans don’t realize is the benefits that can come from legalizing marijuana because their minds are clouded by the stereotypes associated with the average ‘pot smoker’. Dismiss the corny jokes and stereotypes for a second and consider the truths that are unveiled. In Timothy Egan’s â€Å"Give Pot a Chance,† Egan looks beyond the stigma of smoking weed and points out the benefits that will come from legalization. Although the government is wrongfully hindering us from legalizing marijuana, it should be a national wide policy due to the large benefit of tax regulations that will and has already arise. Egan starts his opinion with three main arguments: marijuana related drug wars, hypocrisy, and the most important argument he points out is the tax revenue that will be generated. Drug related wars are extremely prevalent today. Egan states that there are over 853,000 arrest made for marijuana related offenses. 60,000 people have been killed because of drug wars and violent crimes regarding the distribution of marijuana. Many people are being affected by the violence of the underground markets. He briefly goes over statistical numbers and significant data to further emphasize his argument for legalization. He quickly delves into the hypocrisy of not legalizing marijuana. He explains how our sports industry would completely collapse without all the legal drugs provided by various companies. Popular products include five-hour energy, red bull, and other pills for other uses. He points out how there were thousands of illnesses and fatalities regarding Five Hour Energy. This is an over the shelf product that can be obtained by anyone. In retaliation, Egan brings up how there are little to no people dying from marijuana ingestion. This also brings attention to one of the most common argument as to why people oppose legalization: that it is  unhealthy for the human body when taken in large doses. Although not explained very well, Egan points out the hypocrisy in the rationale of people thinking this way. Any substance taken in large doses is harmful to any human. Even something as healthy as water is bad in large doses. Although this is not a big part of his argument and does not explicitly say why marijuana is good for one or for the nation, it leads up to and adds to his claim of legalizing marijuana. The main argument for legalization and data that Egan gives is the tax revenue that will come from it. Egan arrives at this data by carefully studying the states that already have legalized medical marijuana including the District of Columbia and 18 other states. Washington State officials estimate that licensed marijuana stores will generate 532 million dollars in revenue every year. On top of that, legalization will decrease all the billions of dollars currently wasted on prosecuting and investigating marijuana cases. Money is being wasted on investigating marijuana cases while in reality most do not even get prosecuted or even fined. Since it is legal in some states and not others, enforcement of marijuana laws are clouded making the United States lose more money. If all states had the same rules it would be easier to regulate and gain an abundance of tax revenue from. Legalization of marijuana will benefit the United States as a nation. Egan agrees that a â€Å"whiff of positive and even monumental change is in the air†. He claims that legalization will benefit us tremendously in many ways, but specifically with the generation of revenue from tax. An influx of money from marijuana taxation would greatly help the United States with financial debt. Egan explicitly links his data to his claim by openly asking his audience to consider his data and apply it to the whole nation and then stating that the taxation would help the United States. He explains that the success from the state of Washington proves that other states will strive as well, thus adding to the success of the nation as a whole. Because there are so many issues and contradicting conflicts surrounding the issue of marijuana, Egan has to state his warrant to further emphasize his reasons for legalization and make apparent the change that could happen. The rhetor, Egan, suggests that the change will most likely happen by stating that â€Å"Obama is uniquely suited to make the argument for change. On his issue, he’ll have support from the libertarian right and the humanitarian left.† Egan implies that since 19 states have  already legalized the use of medical marijuana, many states will follow in their footsteps so it is only a matter of time. Unfortunately Egan had a very powerful qualifier that was not adequately explained. Egan implicitly argues that we, as a nation, should not wait for other states to slowly make the change to legalize. Obama and his administration have the power and more importantly the support to change it now. The lack of explaining this weakened a crucial part of his argument for national legalization. Egan believes national legalization should is needed soon rather than legalization by individual states. At the end of his speech he starts delving into his opinion he quickly adds how the law system is not enforced enough. Egan argues that with legalization nation wide, everyone would be on the same page, which is completely true. With nation wide legalization, the issue of use and abuse can be properly discussed and determined. He uses the example of alcohol and how campaigns against drunk driving have saved countless of lives when alcohol is so easy to obtain. This could be the same way as marijuana. With proper laws, marijuana could be regulated efficiently and safely. Unfortunately he only briefly states this and does not fully explain it clearly. He is implying that marijuana is a problem because congress has chosen to make it a problem because they decided not to deal with it. I thought this did not necessarily weaken his argument but left his audience thinking. Egan was successful at proving his point because of his strong claim, data, and warrant. He chose an engaging and interesting claim that is relatable to many Americans. The sets of data he chose to support his argument was tacitful because all Americans can benefit from money therefore everyone is in some way going to benefit from legalization. Egan makes clear the clouded stereotypes and stigma of marijuana and illuminates the truths involved. No matter our opinion or feelings on the issue, the presentation of information for the audience makes a very convincing argument. Work Cited: Egan, Timothy. Give Pot a Chance. Opinionator Give Pot a Chance Comments. New York Times, 22 Nov. 2012. Web. 27 Feb. 2013. .

Online Payment And Security Of E Commerce Information Technology Essay

Online Payment And Security Of E Commerce Information Technology Essay With the era of information technological advancement, electronic commerce is gradually leading the distribution of the business areas. Online electronic payments are an important part of e-commerce, and also the basis for electronic commerce which able to successfully develop. Without the corresponding real-time coordination of electronic payment, e-commerce is just only practical significance of the virtual business, it cannot achieve a true network transactions. The reason that I choose this title as my seminar title is because it related to my final year project. As my final year project is regarding to online payment method, so I would like to share about online payment method and the risk of online payment, what are the risk can be taken, what are the step to prevent data lost, the security strategic to prevent any privacy or confidential information fraud, and what are the pros and cons about the online payment method. Online payment is the core of e-commerce development, is an important step to complete the transaction on internet, and also the bottleneck of the domestic network application development. Every firms or companies which run the business on internet must provide the online payment method to maintain their company flow. Introduction 1.1 What is online payment? Online payment, also known as electronic payment, it refers to the money which exchanged electronically. Broadly speaking, online payment refers to the transaction exchanged the funds on internet, typically involves computer network, internet and digital stored value system. It makes e-payment may at any time, via the internet directly to the transfer, settlement, and forms of e-commerce environment. 1.2 How online payment basic process? Online payment may seem to be very easy and fast, but it consist of the confidential and security for the card info. In order to make sure that the process is work correctly, the merchant must connect to the network with the Issuing bank, processor, and others financial institution, so that the information that provided by the customer can be routed reliable and secure. As highly sensitive payment information, trust and confidence is an essential element of any payment transactions. This means that payment processing services should be provided by a wealth of experience in payment processing and security. 1.3 What is electronic commerce? Electronic commerce refers to the goods and services which exchange over the internet, commonly known as e-commerce. All major retail organization also have an online presence, however, e-commerce also apply between business to business (B2B) transactions. It can open to all interested parties, or even limited participants. For example like Amazon.com, the selling and buying transaction is completed electronically and interactively in real-time. Besides that, e-commerce system also associated with the service industry, such as online banking, transfer funds, or even pay the credit card bill. 1.4 Security of e-commerce Along with the e-commerce continue to broaden, protection of individual treatment over the internet, and make your customers feel secure is the primary factors and necessary. In order to perform a secure and good service, internet security plays an important role to be enhancing in this situation. The objective is to establish rules and measure to use against attacks over the Internet. Internet information exchange on behalf of the invasion led to unsafe or high risk of fraud. For any expert in internet security will tell, e-commerce is actually much more secure than real world commerce. For example like when you leaved your credit card receipt in the shop, or accidentally give your credit card number to someone else, you are actually accepting the risk that the order which not order from you will appear on the next months credit card bill. However, when you enter a credit card number of e-commerce site, you are sent through a secure connection to a server access only to authorized personnel and protected against even the most determined intruders. Although some of the people believe that transactions over the internet are in fact safer than offline transactions, there are still a number of people believe that offline transactions are always better than online payment. For example like protecting the credit card detail, company need to prevent the card info from customer or the privacy of the customer found by a third party. Typically, this involves the company network security and how the company provide a strong and secure system on the internet. 2 Common Online Payment Systems Online payment system is to help the consumer more convenience and it is the key issue to ensure that the consumer are fast and secure. There are several types of common online payment systems: 2.1 E-cash internet payment system E-cash, also known as electronic cash or electronic money, it is a form of data which exchanged electronically through the network computer or internet, these is electronic cash currency. It can be converted to cash value of the family of cryptographic sequences, and then use these sequences to show the value of all sizes. There are few characteristic are as follows: an agreement between the enterprises and banks and authorization, can be transfer, can be kept, used to exchanged value within another system. As e-cash is what we can imagine as cash Chinas purchase of small general merchandise payment habits features, it is likely to become an important means of online payment in China, but China has not officially started. There are many foreign companies to provide electronic cash market. If unconditionally anonymous electronic money digital cash net cash market can provide an anonymous e-money market. 2.2 E-purse Internet Payment System E-purse, also known as electronic purse, it is a type of smart card which embedded with the microchip. To use e-purse shopping, the first is the user must transfer certain amount of personal bank account, then in the corresponding of website to download electronic wallet service system free software and install an electronic wallet, to apply online and access the cardholder electronic safety certificate. When users want to purchase something through the internet, just need to click on the electronic wallet icon, and follow the corresponding information that the user need to provided, such as password and user name to complete the transaction on the internet. E-purse would be more convenient and flexible compared with checks or debit card for a smaller transaction, it always used in conjunction with the bank card to help the user complete all the small transaction process. E-purse is independent of the function of bank accounts, so it will be able to record the user as required payments are made in a checkbook greater privacy and freedom. In addition, e-purse even can provide budgeting because the user only can spend what the total amount that the card had. 2.3 Electronic check (E_check) Internet Payment System Electronic check, also known as e-check, is a form of payment which transfers through the internet. It perform the same function as the paper check of using digital transmission to transfer money from one account to one account. Besides that, e-check provide better security features than the paper check because it is an electronic format and may proceeded in fewer steps to complete the transaction. Most common features provided by  electronic checks include authentication, public key cryptography, digital signatures or personal identification numbers instead of signature and so on. Theres a simple electronic check process shown below: 1. Send Check Payee Payer 2. Inspect Check 5. Bill 3. Notice 4. Approve funds and transfer Payee Bank Accounting Server Electronic Check-Cashing Process E-check is an exclusive network system, the international financial institutions, with their equipment, software and hardware, an accurate and complete set if user identification, the standard messaging, data validation and other standardized data transmission agreement to make sure that the transaction are safety and security. 2.4 Digital Wallet Payment System A digital wallet, also known as e-wallet, it is a software system that store inside the users computer to hold the digital cash, and a digital certificate with a digital signature. E-wallet allows users to make payment or transaction over the internet fast and safety. The function of the e-wallet is much more like a physical wallet, used to store the digital cash. After the e-cash service released, the e-wallet has evolved into a service to provide online shopping information and holds credit card data and passwords for logging into the website with a convenient way. An e-wallet have both software and information component. The software provides the safety and security with the encryption for the actual transaction. Typically, e-wallet is store on client side, so it is easier to self-maintenance and fully compatible with most of the online payment system. In addition, the system will automatically key in the user information in the online form, it is easier for the user and reduce the time to enter all the information again and again. While for the server side, it is refers to an organization and your side to create and maintain on it server. Because of the security and the efficiency and effectiveness of the utility that provided by the server-side to the users, it become more and more popular and famous for the user with the entire process. 2.5 PayPal System Listen Read phonetically PayPal is an e-commerce business by allowing the user to make transaction or money transfers through the Internet. PayPal also known as electronic alternative, such as checks and money are orders with the traditional paper method. It doesnt charge any fees to make any transaction or join the PayPal service, but they will be a fees change for those who want to receive the money from other people. PayPal account from a bank account can be funded by electronic debit or credit card. To receive the transaction from other people, the recipient from PayPal can either request from the PayPal service, established their own PayPal account, or request from their bank account. PayPal service is much like a intermediaries or a third party who involve between the clients and the recipient that facilitates in e-commerce. PayPal involve in several payments processing such as, online auction, online vendors, and others commercial users. It will costs some fees from the recipient for receiving money, fee included the percentage of the amount plus another additional amount. The fees is charged depend on the currency used, the option that choose by the user, the country of the sender and recipient (how far between both sender and recipient), the total amount sent by the sender and the type of account that the recipient receive it. In addition, shopping on eBay and then made the transaction by a credit card through PayPal may incur a foreign transaction fee if the seller is located in another country, as credit card issuers are automatically informed of the sellers country of origin. 2.6 Critical Evaluation According to Singh Sumanjeet1 (2009, p.24), Electronic cheque system has many advantages: (1) they do not require consumers to reveal account information to other individuals when setting an auction (2) they do not require consumers to continually send sensitive financial information over the web (3) they are less expensive than credit cards and (4) they are much faster than paper based traditional cheque. But, this system of payment also has several disadvantages. The disadvantage of electronic cheque system includes their relatively high fixed costs, their limited use only in virtual world and the fact that they can protect the users anonymity. Therefore, it is not very suitable for the retail transactions by consumers, although useful for the government and B2B operations because the latter transactions do not require anonymity, and the amount of transactions is generally large enough to cover fixed processing cost. In my opinion, i strongly agree with the statement that the author mentioned about. Electronic cheque system provides several advantages than a paper based cheque such as faster speed transaction, provide a certain level of security like encryption or decryption, and so on. But there are still limits of disadvantages for electronic cheque system, like high fixed costs or development start-up costs. Besides that, electronic cheque system can be used in virtual world instead of the real world payment method. And the most important point is the security issue, because the less of face to face communication, we cant even know the actual user as well. The possibilities that someone is try to pretend as the actual user to make transaction with us and caused identity threat 3. Strength and Weakness 3.1 Advantages of Online Payment Online payment, what we called as online payment, is an indispensable business. This is extremely important to accept electronic payment of telecommunications service industry, because it started to use this rapidly growing economy is fully utilized. Use of credit cards by phone or Internet is a familiar and convenient for consumers in the form of payment. It provides for immediate purchase to reduce the pain of payment delay coupling. Customers often feel more comfortable with a credit card, because they know they have the proof to the product or service if they not satisfy on it. There are several advantages of online payment (e-payment): 3.1.1 Convenient and 24 hours real time transaction Through the use of online payment system, consumer can access the web to make any transaction such as online banking, online billing or even car loan at any time (24 hours) or anywhere, as long as access to the internet. For example like consumer can check the bank details through their mobile phone no matter at where and anytime along with the network connection. In addition, consumer able to check or view the history of the previous transaction that they made or get the accurate real time information through online payment system. It may save up a lot of the paperwork as well. 3.1.2 Reduce cost and save time With the help of online payment system, we only need to stay at home with just a click in front of the computer which connected to the network, and transaction will be done easily. Instead of go to the physical bank to make the transaction by writing the form and waiting in front of the counter. It may save up a lot of cost like transportation fees, paper workflow fees and so on. Besides that, through online payment, the processing speed is definitely fast and rapid by following the simple instructions and entering the parameters that the system required. And user may not need to transport from one location to another, it may save up a lot of time. Compared with the real world physical offline banking system, it may spend a lot of time especially on peak season or peak hour. 3.1.3 Flexible of using e-payment Along with the continuous improvement of e-commerce, many organizations or firms not only focusing their business on offline operation, but managing their business workflow on internet. Nevertheless, e-payment, as what we called as online payment, had become an indispensable item for the entire progress of e-business. Nowadays, there are more and more online payment service provided which linked with the organization. It is more flexible to the consumer, they can choose which type of service that they want, for example like PayPal, e-cash or which bank they prefer such as maybank2u and so on. Besides that, majority of the online payment service are operation 24 hours, consumer can make the transaction anytime they like. In addition, they can reduce they pain of transport from one location to another and waiting in-front of the counter in the bank. Online payment service allow consumer to make any transaction on anytime or everywhere by accessing to the network. It is the flexibility of e-payment. 3.1.4 Benefit between consumer and organization With the help of online payment, consumer and organization are benefiting in other ways like the consumer and organization are able to negotiate arrangements for the true value, and strengthen the relationship of their business. Besides that, consumer can skip many steps or documentation for the transaction. It may easier for them to control over the timing of payment steps, and minimize the operation of the idle account balance. Consumer can eliminate the delay for the processing of transaction. For organization, they can reduce the cost of processing the paper cheque. Yet when the organizations process the paper cheque that paid from consumers, they need to spend some cost to process the paper cheque. With the help of online payment, the organization may have the advantages as well by encouraging the consumer to pay electronically instead of pay by a paper cheque. In addition, they can receive the payment immediately without any delay, because the receipt is available immediately after consumer had made the payment. 3.1.5 Others common benefits Below are some of the common benefits for online payment method. Personal security We do not need to hold so much money along with us on our premises, or even on the outside, and lead to more safety and security Used internationally Online payment is a common method that can be used internationally, it is important for the tourist-sector businesses or those organization who running their business or selling their goods overseas. Reaching a wider customer base Some of the organizations accept the online payment method like phone delivery or mail ordering for online customers; it is easier for those customers who are lack of transportation or not able to reach your premises. Increase the sale opportunities For some customer willing to buy the goods from the offline business shop, the may having the problem that insufficient fund, they have to leaves to get cash, it may cause them not return to the shop again. With the help of online payment from ecommerce sector, customer can buy the goods from internet as long as the computer or devices are connected to the internet. This may lead to sale increasing. 3.2 Disadvantages of Online Payment The transaction over the internet or the transfer of fund on internet through the electronic media is known as electronic payment, as what we called as online payment. Nowadays, online payment is a daily activity for most of the business organization. It is very common and convenient for the online transaction for those organizations focus their business over web to interact with their consumers or business partners. In fact, there are still weaknesses of the online payment that we cannot ignore it. One of the ways is to be aware the raised awareness of privacy and security issues from the electronic online payment system. Consumers have to bear the risk such as fraud or identity threat that involved in the online transaction. There are several disadvantages of online payment (e-payment): 3.2.1 Privacy security concerns. In the e-commerce world, most of the online banking systems, also known as online transaction site, require the user to register as their own member with some simple input or instruction before giving the authorization for them to make the transaction. While the registration process, user need to provide the username and password, all these information implies the need of privacy protection and security. In addition, user need to maintain their account, it may be a trouble for the user. For those organizations site that hosting the user account, they should follow the strict of security and privacy policies. It is very important for those organizations to protect the privacy of the user details and prevent the information being hacked by the hacker. If the username or password is susceptible to being hacked, it maybe will cause the user a serious financial loss problem from the end. All these are a potential rick of the privacy or the personal detail being hacked while using the online payment system. 3.2.2 Identity theft Another disadvantage of using online payment is identity theft. Using the right security measure can prevent your important information being exposed by the third party. Besides that, using virus protection or firewall may very useful to protect your computer. It might a risk that you make any transaction through internet from your computer. Another example like if you losing your smart card, unfortunately the card is fall in unsafe of persons hand. There is a very serious or dangerous expenditure of your entire account balance. Though you will inform the authorities on cards loss, when the time between you losing your card and informing to the authorities, the third party (unsafe person) may transfer all your money out through your card details via internet. 3.2.3 Dependency of online payment system Along with the information technology, many organizations or firms are running their business over the internet and provide several utilities as long as online transaction. In fact, this method is indirectly effect consumers become more and more dependent on online transaction, because it speed and rapid transaction, availability 24 hours as long as connected to the internet at home or even a mobile devices. However, there still can be disadvantages for over dependent of online transaction. For example like if the email does not send to the right destination or not working well, the sender may not know the sending error or does the email has reach the destination or not. Or like for those consumers may want to pay the bill or loan over the internet instead of the traditional ways. There might be a possibility that the online payment system down or not function well from the server side, and worst there was a way for the consumer to meet the dead line. 3.2.4 Loss human touch In the physical bank, some of the customer may like to talk and communicate with the bank tellers, interacting with the bank manager or even the bank clients. But in the online virtual world, online banking system had taken off of these human interactions, all these are done by a system program, impersonal hand-off process. Due to the lack of the human interaction for online payment system, some of the customer my not know about the knowledge of online payment system. These required a basic computer skill and the knowledge about internet before using the online payment system. In addition, for some of the small online banking system, they may not provide any instruction or any guideline to lead the user in the correct way. It will caused the users entering the wrong information or incorrect bank details through the online payment system. 3.2.5 High cost development for internet payment gateway The major disadvantage for online payment method is the high cost for internet payment gateway. For those organizations or firms are running their business over the internet, the have to create an internet payment gateway or a system in-house is definitely high development cost. For those non IT companies, it is hard and difficult for them to create a system for their own. Because it wasnt their core business, and they had to use the resource from inside the company with a little or even zero of IT knowledge to build it up. Therefore, the company have to outsource from outside to help them develop a new online payment gateway for them. 3.2.6 Others Limitation Others common limitation of the online payment method: May be difficult to inspect from a remote location Limited of countries cultural and legal obstacles The rapid changing of technologies Hard to retaining the employee Government regulators Difficult to integrate the software of transaction process and the current existing database. 3.3 Critical Evaluation Based on Olga LuÃ…Â ¡tÃ…Â ¡ik (2009, p.15-16) The main benefit from the bank customers point of view is significant saving of time by the automation of banking services processing and introduction of an easy maintenance tools for managing customers money. Private customers seek slightly different kind of benefits from e-banking. In the study on online banking drivers Aladwani (2001) has found, that providing faster, easier and more reliable services to customers were amongst the top drivers of e-banking development. In my opinion, I definitely agree with the above statement that stated by author (Olga LuÃ…Â ¡tÃ…Â ¡ik). Online payment may help to reduce costs and convenience; user may stay at home to performed transaction at any time as long as connected with the network. It is fast and provides funds management, which allow user to download the history of the transaction that that had made. 4 Ecommerce Security Elements In the use of ecommerce, there are several factors that need to involved are: the confidentiality and privacy of the transaction need to be care between the sender and the recipient. The transaction or trading from ecommerce is directly represents to the individual, organization, or business competitor secrets. Therefore, to prevent any confidential data lost from ecommerce application, we have to make sure that the users are legitimate to access the system, and the authentication to filter which date should be show or which should not be show to the particular user. 4.1 The Integrity of the information Due to the accident or fraud of data entry, the information of the data may result in different way. In addition, the wrong of data or information will result the duplication of transmission in different sector of the process. Therefore, the trade sector will affect the integrity of the information from the parties that involved in the transaction and the entire of the business workflow. 4.2 The validity of the information In e-commerce world, the validity of information to individuals, organizations or even the countries are directly affected to the economic interests and reputation. Besides that, the validity of the number of time and the transaction price are very important. It is to make sure that the recipient received the data from the primary side. While for the primary side also have to make sure that the data are sent to that particular person. 4.3 The Non-repudiation of the information Non-repudiation is refers to something like document or contract that cannot simply denied by the origin party. Typically, non-repudiation is to ensure that the contract or one party cannot deny that they communicate to sign the document or the authenticity of a message. For example like legal documents usually need a witness person to sign it, it is to ensure that the person cannot deny the document. 4.4 The Authenticity of the transaction status Online transaction are geographical distant, we couldnt know each other or even an organization. Organization, businessmen, client or even consumer on internet may need to consider whether the transactions between both parties are trusted. To make the transaction success, mutual understanding and trusted with each other is very important. However, there are too many hacker or scammer in the virtual world, is hard to 100% fully trusted on the online transaction or even the in the virtual organizations. 4.5 The reliability of the system In e-environment, the most important point for the reliability of the system is to protect the confidentiality with a powerful security system. In addition, it is to prevent hacker hack into the system and steal the sensitive information from the system. Computer errors such as system failure, software down, virus detected, network connection down or natural disasters may result from potential threat. Therefore, prevention of the system in a good way is to ensure that the systems are security and reliability. It will affect the business workflow in the future if the reliability of the system is not fully secure. 4.6 Critical Evaluation According to Yang Jing (2009, p.48), Using the network for the transaction, the sender and recipient need to ensure the confidentiality of information exchanged. E-commerce as a means of trading, its message directly represents individuals, corporations or commercial secrets; and the e-commerce system is based on a more open network environment promote the application of ecommerce to maintain commercial confidentiality is an important guarantee. Therefore, in order to prevent a large number of transmissions was illegal to steal information to ensure that only legitimate users will be able to see the data. Information can prevent stolen. In my opinion, I absolutely agree with the statement that the author status above. To prevent the information lost, we have to protect it before happen. The integrity of information, the validity of information, the non-repudiation of information, The Authenticity of the Transaction Status, and The Reliability of the System, all these are the important elements which listed by the Author (Yang Jing) to prevent information lost. In fact, I believe that there are still a number of elements for information prevention which I never mentioned on top. 5 Strategic of E-commerce Security As e-commerce security cause by many factors such as fraud, identity theft, or confidential data being steal by the hacker, all these are the problem that we might face it when in the online virtual world. So, a strategic planning for ecommerce is very important, all the strategic that came out should be line with the overall of the ecommerce business management. It must provide a very powerful protection for all the ecommerce confidential data and allow them to recover as fast as possible if any incident happen. To prevent the security problem happen, a set of variety measurement must be included: 5.1 Security Strategy In order to ensure secure communications between both parties on internet, we must take the necessary measures to prevent them. For communication link purpose, we can use firewall or Virtual Private Network (VPN) to make the communication more safety and secure. And consumer must be very careful on some of the untrusted Proxy server. It is act like an intermediary for seeking the information, resource, or link that requested by the client. If the consumer are using the untrusted proxy server, all the data that the client provided may not be encrypted and sent to the proxy server, and proxy server may record down everything sent from the client, including the login and password. For identification and authentication purpose, encrypted or hash function may be very useful in this situation. In ecommerce, login is a very common and the first step for the consumer before they move on the transaction step. To login to the system, the system needs to identify the user name and password before provide the authentication to the user. With the help of encryption, user password have more secure which showing the password in * symbol. Besides the encryption, hash function is a way to convert your password into others form and store in the s