Assignment 3 Bus 642 Essay - 1021 Words

Allyssa Fox Assignment 3 BUS 642 Chapter 12 – Discussion Questions (Making Research Decisions) # 5 a Yes—Depends—No: One problem would be that â€Å"depends† is very vague and doesn’t give reasons as to why someone would pick â€Å"no† at some point and â€Å"yes† at another. A way to make this better would be to add a â€Å"please describe† line or change the wording all together. There is no way to express dont know or undecided. b Excellent—Good—Fair—Poor: One problem with this would be that it may not have as valid a measure as say an 8 point scale, â€Å"as the number of scale points increases, the reliability of the measure increases. Second, in some studies, scales with 11 points may produce more valid results than 3-, 5-, or 7-point scales†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦show more content†¦2. Define the distinctions between primary, secondary, and tertiary sources in a secondary search. A primary source is one that uses a valid original work suc h as raw data and is the most valid type of data. Secondary sources interpret the data and research from a primary source, an example of this would be a textbook or news article. A tertiary source is one that presents and interprets data that has been found from secondary sources. 3. What problems of secondary data quality must researchers face? How can they deal with them? One of the biggest problems with secondary data is the fact that the information being citied is an interpretation of the original data. The best way to avoid a misinterpretation of the data is to look for the original or primary source that is referenced in the secondary source and directly quote or use the data from that. This will eliminate the chance of having misinterpreted data put into an important project and it will lend you an additional source. Researchers should evaluate and select information sources based on the 5 factors. Read the case study, State Farm: Dangerous Intersections. Answer discussion questions 1 through 5. 1. Identify the various constructs and concepts involved in the study. To answer this question we must define what a concept and construct is, â€Å"an image or idea specifically invented for a given research and/or theory-building purpose† (Cooper and Schindler, 2011). AShow MoreRelatedEssay about Bus 642 Week 3 Assignment809 Words   |  4 PagesSecondary- would be evaluating the outcome of the primary, getting feedback from people who have used to the product in order to better the product. Teritary – would include the decisions made in order to alter or fix the product or otherwise mass produce. 3. Secondary data quality will provide information to researchers of what you can alter or change in order to make the product function better after first time use of a product. State Farm article, 1-5 1. 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Market Potential for Packaged Water Industry in India Free Essays

Market Demand and Market Potential in Packaged Water Industry in India Packaged water or Bottled water industry, colloquially called, the mineral water industry, is a symbol of new life style emerging in India. Use of mineral water has gradually increased in India due so widespread shortage of pure hygienic potable water. While a large segment of the population is struggling to get access to potable water supply, a new generation – especially in the urban areas – is getting accustomed to bottled water. We will write a custom essay sample on Market Potential for Packaged Water Industry in India or any similar topic only for you Order Now Drinking water supplies in many parts of India are intermittent. Transmission and distribution networks for water are generally old and badly maintained, and as a result, are deteriorating. India is one of the biggest and most attractive water markets in the world. It is considered the 10th largest packaged water consumer country in the world. The boom time for Indian bottled water industry is to continue- more so because the economics are sound, the bottom line is fat and the Indian government hardly cares for what happens to the nation’s water resources. Corporate control over water and water distribution in India is growing rapidly from being confined to the uppermost echelons of society, packaged water has now become a commonplace commodity and almost a necessity in metros. After witnessing historic growth in recent years, it has become a Rs 3,000-Crore industry, one that is slated to only post healthy growth rates to become a Rs 10,000-crore business in a short span of time. The market in India has grown tremendously over past decade and is said to have a humongous growth rate of 38% per annum as against an international growth rate of 7. %. Market experts observe that there are more than 1800 water brands in India, of which are most are local or regional brands which are often classified as unorganized sector. The key brands in the organised sector include Bisleri (Parle), Kinley (Coca-Cola), Oxyrich (Manikchand), Aquafina (Pepsi Foods), etc. In this industry it is popularly said DEMAND OF WATER WOULD NEVER GO DOWN†¦ WATER WOULD NEVER BE OUT OF BUSINESS While the single largest share in the mineral water market might still belong to an Indian brand — Parle’s $52 million (Rs. . 5 billion) Bisleri brand has a 40 percent share — multi-national corporations are not far behind. It has been a pioneer in launching the concept of packaged drinking water in India. It has been so popular with the masses that even today most of the people refer to mineral or packaged water as ‘Bisleri’. Nestle and Danone are vying to purchase Bisleri, and Pepsi’s Aquafina and Coke’s Kinley brands have been extremely successful in edging out many of the small and medium players to buy-outs and exclusive licensing deals. In less than two years since its launch, Aquafina has cornered 11 percent of the market and Kinley has almost a third of the market. News reports indicate that other MNCs like Unilever are also eying the market. Today packaged water is the fastest growing industry in the beverage sector. Western region of India – the largest market The western region, that is Maharashtra, Gujarat and Goa, accounts for a large chunk of around 35-40% of the overall domestic market. Key players in the western region such as the Manikchand Group, Coca-Cola India, Amul India, are keenly contemplating organic and inorganic growth strategies, launch of new brands, venturing into newer segments and so on. Companies in the region are using a combination of various strategies to tap business opportunities such as tie-ups with cinema halls, retail outlets, hotels, hospitals, super markets, institutions and other distribution channels, which abound in the western region of the country. Managing logistics is at the core for the success of bottled water manufacturers. Indeed, groups like Amul India are deliberating using its existing retail network to market and distribute its bottled water. This region is also poised to make a notable contribution to the great Indian bottled water growth story in terms of taking lead in launching water variants and newer sub-segments like mineral water, spring water, flavored water and so on. Here also Biseri has emerged as a market leader. Further Scope of Growth in the Industry As the purchasing power and health and hygiene consciousness of Indian consumers improves, the consumption per person is likely to grow exponentially. Not surprisingly, the market is estimated to reach the Rs 5,000 crore mark by 2010. Going a step further, more optimistic market experts anticipate a 20 fold leap from the current market size within the next 10-12 years. Apart from increasing affluence among domestic consumers, exports would provide a further trigger to the industry. Exports of natural water, particularly to US and Europe, would drive growth for domestic players. As per industry forecasts, the demand for potable water is expected to exceed supply by 2020. Not surprisingly, given the lucrative western market and robust growth prospects, many large Indian corporate houses and multinational companies are interested in acquiring strong Indian brands. The acquisition of Mount Everest Mineral Water by the Tata group is testimony to this trend under which Tata Tea plans to leverage its existing overseas network to distribute natural water, the world over. Also with the increasing international tourism demand for hygienically packaged water is expected to grow manifolds especially with the Commonwealth Games in October 2010. Thus despite recording exceptional growth rate in past, packaged water industry has a huge growth potential in terms of market size. There are still rural and semi rural areas to capture. With 19% share of the unorganized sector low priced segments are still left un captured. How to cite Market Potential for Packaged Water Industry in India, Essays

Cancer Biology Experimental Design Report-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Write an Cancer Biology Experimental Design Report. Answer: Introduction: The appearance of characteristic morphological features, and the occurrence of specific energy dependant biochemical mechanisms which indicate towards the process of programmed cell death, are referred to as apoptosis. It is responsible for a number of biological functions such as normal cell turnover, appropriate development of the immune system, development of embryo, hormonal atrophy, and chemically induced cell death (Elmore 2007). This process also helps in maintaining tissue homeostasis, and forms normal part of growth and development events. Also, appropriate apoptosis involves differential and appropriate response of the different types of cells to physiological and pathological stimuli. However, any disturbance in the homeostatic equilibrium could either result in unwarranted cellular proliferation or atrophy characterized with faster cellular death (Hejmadi 2009). Therefore, the dysfunction of the homeostatic pathways, often leads to terminal proliferation and differentiation of cells, resulting in cancer. The development and progression of cancers have often been attributed to the suppressed apoptotic mechanisms during carcinogenesis. The tumour cells either acquire resistance to apoptotic pathways by the means of anti-apoptotic proteins, or evade the immune surveillance (Fulda 2009). For example, the uncontrolled expression of Bcl-2 gene results in failure of cell death, contributing to cancer. However, apoptosis also presents therapeutic opportunities for cancer. The comprehension and analysis of the cell cycle signalling pathways could help identify the possible mechanism of cell cycle which could be exploited for arresting or controlling the cell cycle and apoptotic mechanisms (Gerl Vaux 2005). The table below shows the features of cells undergoing apoptosis. Morphological features Biochemical features Physiological significance Blebbing of membranes Chromatin aggregation in nuclear membrane Initial stages involve cytoplasmic shrinkage and nuclear condensation Later stages involve cellular fragmentation Pore formation in mitochondria resulting in leakage Tightly regulated stepwise activation of enzymatic processes Energy dependent processes involving uptake of ATP Mono and oligonucleosomal DNA fragmentation in a non-random fashion Release of multiple factors such as cytochrome c, AIF into mitochondrial cytoplasm Activation of caspase cascade Altering membrane symmetry Absent inflammatory responses Phagocytosis by either macrophages or adjacent cells Affect individual cells Induced by physiological stimuli Table 1: Characteristics of cells undergoing apoptosis (Source: UCCS, 2017) Experiments: Identification of transformed cells: MTT assay Rationale: For the purpose of screening of the transformed cells, over expressing the BKLY protein, the cell based MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide)assay is proposed. MTT is positively charged and has the ability to penetrate the eukaryotic cells. The viable cells exhibiting active metabolic activity possess the capability to convert MTT into purple colored formazan compound, having maximum absorbance near 570nm. On the other hand when the cells no longer remain viable they lose the capability to convert MTT into formazan. MTT is regarded to have the capability to measure mitochondrial activity as MTT cleavage occurs in the living cells only by the mitochondrial enzyme succinate dehydrogenase (Hughes Mehmet 2003). Control: To examine whether BKLY has any effect on apoptosis of the cells we would need to compare the data from positive, negative and blank controls with the experimental cells. The negative control will be consist of untreated cells, positive control will consist of the cells treated with cytotoxic chemical, and blank will contain no cells. The control and experimental cell lines will be maintained under similar conditions of temperature and incubation time periods. Conclusion: If the BKLY protein is involved in the apoptotic process then differences in metabolic activity of the apoptotic cells which have taken up the plasmids will help in identification of the transfected cells. The change in colour from yellow water soluble tetrazolium MTT to purpled colored insoluble formazan will help in identifying the non-viable cells, indicating towards transfection with BKLY gene. Identification of cells showing protein expression: Annexin V staining assay Rationale: In order to detect the cells expressing the protein, the immunohistochemical technique using Annexin V is suggested. Annexin V is a calcium dependent, phospholipid binding protein, which has the capability to serve as an excellent tool for detecting the ongoing process of apoptosis in cells. The process of apoptosis involves translocation of phosphatidylserinefrom inner leaflet to outer leaflet of the plasma membrane. The integrity of the phosphatidylserine exposed membrane is thus breached. The calcium dependant binding of Annexin V with the breached membrane is further tested using vital dyes such as Propidium Iodide. These dyes can penetrate the membrane only when the membrane integrity is breached. However, it must be noted that Annexin V shows preferable binding tendencies with apoptotic cells even in condition of excess necrosis. Hence, it is crucial to use combination of Annexin V assay with Propidium Idodie, a DNA marker. This further allows monitoring the progress ion of different stages of apoptosis. The staining procedures follow fluorescence microscopy (Petrovsky et al. 2003). Controls: To examine whether BKLY has any effect on apoptosis of the cells we would need to compare the data from positive, negative and blank controls with the experimental cells. The negative control will be consist of untreated cells, positive control will consist of the cells treated with Annexin V, and blank will contain no cells. The control and experimental cell lines will be maintained under similar conditions of temperature and incubation time periods. Conclusion: The untreated and treated cell lines when observed under fluorescence microscope help identify the cells expressing the protein. The treated cell lines will show increase in population of cells undergoing apoptosis, identified by increasing membrane permeability. Identification of nature of apoptotic properties: Flow Cytometry Rationale: For the purpose of identifying the apoptotic properties of the protein, the method of flow cytometry is proposed. Flow cytometry helps in successful quantification of apoptosis, besides distinguishing the apoptotic cells from non-apoptotic ones. The microscopic particles suspended in the fluid stream are counted, examined, and sorted, by means of DNA staining. The apoptotic cells which have been stained using a fluorescent dye, when passes through the single wavelength light beam, scatter light up to some extent. The forward scatter versus side scattering of the light helps distinguish between the apoptotic and non-apoptotic cells. The identification of the immunophenotype of the cell is facilitated by the altered morphology of the plasma membrane of apoptotic cells. The phosphatidylserine is present on the outer membrane in the apoptotic cells, which would be detected by Annexin V. Propidium Iodide would act as the DNA specific fluorochrome, helping differentiate between necrotic and apoptotic cells. However, the technique could prove to be time consuming (Archana et al. 2013). Controls: The proposed experiment would involve three controls. Control 1 will consist of the unstained cells, Control 2 will consist of those stained with Annexin V only, and Control 3 will be stained using PI only. Thereby allowing the differentiation between healthy (unstained), apoptotic (positive for Annexin), and necrotic cells (positive for both Annexin and PI) respectively. This will allow the researcher to draw accurate conclusions by forming basis of comparison and analysis of the experimental cells. Conclusions: The apoptotic cells would appear as having hypo-diploid structure of DNA contents, and will be represented in sub-G1 peaks on the histograms. The decreased staining ability of fluorochrome with respect to the apoptotic DNA is attributed to the endonuclease activity of apoptotic cells resulting in extraction of low molecular weight DNA. References: Archana, M., Yogesh, T.L. Kumaraswamy, K.L., 2013. Various methods available for detection of apoptotic cells- A review. Indian journal of cancer, 50(3), p.274. Elmore, S., 2007. Apoptosis: A review of programmed cell death. Toxicol Pathol., 35(4), pp.495516. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19003982. Fulda, S., 2009. Tumor resistance to apoptosis. Int J Cancer., 124(3), pp.511515. Gerl, R. Vaux, D.L., 2005. Apoptosis in the development and treatment of cancer. Carcinogenesis, 26(2), pp.263270. Hejmadi, M., 2009. Introduction to cancer biology, Bookboon. Hughes, D. Mehmet, H., 2003. Cell Proliferation and apoptosis, Garland science. Petrovsky, A. et al., 2003. Near-infrared fluorescent imaging of tumor apoptosis. Cancer Res, 63, pp.193642. UCCS, 2017. Differences between necrosis and apoptosis. Apoptosis, Cell Death, and Cell Proliferation Manual, p.4. Available at: https://www.uccs.edu/Documents/rmelamed/apoptosis_003_004.pdf [Accessed February 11, 2018].